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The liver reserve function refers to the compensatory ability to maintain liver function after damage, providing implication for the resection of hepatic malignant tumor. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy imaging can provide quantitative evaluation of liver blood perfusion, and has advantages on the evaluation of liver reserve function and the prediction of postoperative complications. 99Tc m-galactosyl serum albumin (GSA) and 99Tc m-mebrofenin are commonly used imaging agents for hepatobiliary scintigraphy imaging assessment of liver reserve function. This article reviews the application and progress of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in liver reserve function assessment.
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Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of six aniline compounds (ADs) in workplace air. Methods GDH-1 air sampling tube was used to collect six co-existing ADs such as aniline, o-toluidine, N-methylaniline, m-methylaniline, p-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline in the vapor and aerosol of workplace air. The samples were desorbed and eluted using a methanol solution containing 1.00% ammonia water, followed by separation on a C18 chromatographic column and detection using a diode array detector. Results The quantification range of the method was 0.19 -253.50 mg/L, with the correlation coefficient of 0.999 9 for all six ADs. The minimum detection range was 0.02-0.06 mg/m3, and the minimum quantitation range was 0.04-0.19 mg/m3 [both calculated for a 15.0 L sample with a desorption (elution) solution volume of 3.00 mL]. The average desorption and elution efficiencies were 92.15%-104.41% (silica gel) and 94.29%-104.29% (filter membrane). The intra-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.90%-9.72% (silica gel) and 0.57%-6.96% (filter membrane). The inter-assay RSD ranged from 2.03%-9.78% (silica gel) and 2.50%-8.62% (filter membrane). The samples were stable at room temperature for seven days. Conclusion This method can be used for the simultaneous determination of six ADs in workplace air.
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Current work discloses the sensitive LC-MS/MS method development for the trace level determination of genotoxicimpurity 2-Methyl-6-nitro aniline in Telmisartan. 2-Methyl-6-nitro aniline was determined by LC-MS/MS methodin selected ion monitoring mode using LiChrospher RP-18 (100 × 4.6 mm) 5.0 µm column. Gradient technique wasapplied for the elution of analytes using acetonitrile (mobile phase A) and 0.01 M ammonium acetate buffer (mobilephase B) in different ratios. The gradient program (T/%B) was set as 0/5, 2.50/15, 5.00/30, 10.00/50, 15.00/95, and20.00/95. Developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The limit ofdetection and limit of quantitation values found for 2-Methyl-6-nitro aniline were 0.05 and 0.1 µg/ml. The developedmethod serves as an upright tool in quality control for quantitation of 2-Methyl-6-nitro aniline impurity at trace levelsin Telmisartan.
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Aniline is one of the important chemical raw materials in daily life and the chemical industry. Aniline exposure might occur through intact skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract. It could pose negative impacts on many organs and systems of the human body, including toxicity or carcinogenicity to blood, liver, and spleen. This paper summarized the direct effects of aniline on human health and the indirect hazards of aniline on human health through environmental pollution and discussed the future research directions of aniline-induced health hazards.
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Aniline is one of the important chemical raw materials in daily life and the chemical industry. Aniline exposure might occur through intact skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract. It could pose negative impacts on many organs and systems of the human body, including toxicity or carcinogenicity to blood, liver, and spleen. This paper summarized the direct effects of aniline on human health and the indirect hazards of aniline on human health through environmental pollution and discussed the future research directions of aniline-induced health hazards.
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Aims: In order to investigate the tolerance of sunflower to aniline, we measured the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities of sunflower in aniline wastewater.Study Design: The experiment was conducted with oil sunflower No. 4 (Helianthus annuus Linn) as the experimental material. After five weeks of culture in half strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution, seedlings with uniform growth status were selected for aniline stress treatment. The concentrations of aniline stress treatment were 0, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 mg/L, respectively. Each treatment has five replicates. Leaf photosynthetic parameters were measured at fifth and tenth day after treatment under natural environmental conditions.Place and Duration of Study: Place for the study was located at Shandong Agricultural University, Taian city, Shandong, China. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks.Results: Five days after stress treatment, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of sunflower showed an upward trend at the lower concentration of aniline (?100 mg/L) and turned to a downward trend at higher concentration of aniline (?120 mg/L). However, ten days after stress treatment, Pn, Gs and Tr of sunflower of all concentrations decreased significantly (P=.05) as compared to the control. The photochemical quenching coefficient and effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry decreased. At the end of the ten days experiment, with the increase of aniline concentration, the photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of sunflower showed a downward trend except for intercellular CO2 concentration. The data indicated that nonstomatal limitation was responsible for the reduction of Pn. When the aniline concentration reached 180 mg/L, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) reached the highest point, which was 3.49 times and 1.78 times higher than those of the control.Conclusion: The low concentration of aniline (<120 mg/L) could promote the normal growth of sunflower in a short time. However, when the stress duration reaches a certain level, aniline will have a significant toxic effect on sunflower, thereby severely affecting the normal growth of sunflower
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An analytical method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of SIOC0426 residues in environment samples ( soil, sediment and water) . The fate of SIOC0426 in three kinds of soils was also evaluated. The target compound was extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up by C18 cartridge, and analyzed by gradient ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization under positive mode ( ESI+) using a UPLC BEH C18 column. The method was validated using fortified soil, sediment and water. Mean recoveries of SIOC0426 at three spiked levels ( 0 . 005 , 0 . 05 and 2 . 0 mg/kg ) ranged from 87% to 106% with relative standard deviations of 2. 8%-8. 0%. Limits of quantification ( LOQs) of SIOC0426 in soil ( sediment) and water were 0. 2 μg/kg and 0. 2 μg/L, respectively. Linear calibration functions with correlation coefficients R2>0. 9999 were obtained in the concentration range of 0. 5-20 μg/L. This method was applied to the analysis of SIOC0426 residues in soil degradation samples. The results showed that the half-life of SIOC0426 ranged from 1. 72 days to 28. 2 days in three kinds of soils under aerobiotic conditions. While, the half-life of SIOC0426 ranged from 2. 93 days to 31. 4 days in three kinds of soils under anaerobic conditions. The degradation speed of SIOC0426 under aerobiotic conditions was faster than that under anaerobic conditions in the same soil. And the degradation speed of SIOC0426 in soils may be connected with the pH value of soils, cation exchange capacity and soil texture.
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An analytical method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of SIOC0426 residues in environment samples ( soil, sediment and water) . The fate of SIOC0426 in three kinds of soils was also evaluated. The target compound was extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up by C18 cartridge, and analyzed by gradient ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization under positive mode ( ESI+) using a UPLC BEH C18 column. The method was validated using fortified soil, sediment and water. Mean recoveries of SIOC0426 at three spiked levels ( 0 . 005 , 0 . 05 and 2 . 0 mg/kg ) ranged from 87% to 106% with relative standard deviations of 2. 8%-8. 0%. Limits of quantification ( LOQs) of SIOC0426 in soil ( sediment) and water were 0. 2 μg/kg and 0. 2 μg/L, respectively. Linear calibration functions with correlation coefficients R2>0. 9999 were obtained in the concentration range of 0. 5-20 μg/L. This method was applied to the analysis of SIOC0426 residues in soil degradation samples. The results showed that the half-life of SIOC0426 ranged from 1. 72 days to 28. 2 days in three kinds of soils under aerobiotic conditions. While, the half-life of SIOC0426 ranged from 2. 93 days to 31. 4 days in three kinds of soils under anaerobic conditions. The degradation speed of SIOC0426 under aerobiotic conditions was faster than that under anaerobic conditions in the same soil. And the degradation speed of SIOC0426 in soils may be connected with the pH value of soils, cation exchange capacity and soil texture.
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A method of direct injection and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS / MS) was developed for simultaneous determination of 5 aniline compounds including aniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline and hexanitrodiphenylamine in drinking water and source water. The samples were filtered using a 0. 22-μm polyethersulfone membrane prior to HPLC analysis. Five target compounds were chromatographically separated on an HSS T3 column with gradient elution. Chromatographic data were acquired by tandem mass spectrometric detection in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and thus favorable resolutions of all target compounds were achieved within 4 min. Under the optimal analytical conditions, the peak area of each analyte and its concentration had a good correlation within the linear range (R≥0. 995). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0. 773-1. 88 μg / L (S / N=3) and 2. 58-6. 27 μg / L (S / N=10), respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations ( RSDs) of the mix standard solution were 0. 8% -1. 9% and 3. 3% -4. 9% , respectively. The spiked recoveries of the analytes were 84. 1% -105% and the RSDs of the spiked samples were 1. 0% -3. 1% . This proposed method was applied in the analysis of 35 samples from drinking water, source water and surface water, which indicated that the novel LC-MS / MS method could detect 5 aniline compounds in water without any complicated sample pretreatment in an accurate, sensitive and rapid way, and it also could provide technique support for evaluation of the contamination caused by aniline compounds.
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Objective To establish a gas chromatography ( GC) method for determination of aniline,2-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol in mesalamine sustained release granules. Methods An HP-5 (10 m×0.53 mm,2.65 μm) capillary GC column was adopted. The carrier gas was high purity nitrogen at a flow rate of 15 mL.min-1 . The inlet temperature was controlled at 280 ℃ and the FID detector temperature was 300℃. The oven temperature was initially held at 70℃ for 2 min and was then programmed to 150 ℃ at 10℃.min-1 and held for 6 min. Results A good resolution was obtained between the peaks of the 3 impurities at chromatographic conditions above. The recoveries of aniline, 2-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol were among 98.04% to 103.00%. The precision and linearity equations were good. Conclusion The method can be adopted for the quality control of mesalazine sustained release granules.
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Objective To investigate the genotoxicity of aniline and repair dynamics in hepatocytes and lymph-cytes.Methods Aniline was administered intragastrically to SPF Kunming mice ( five mice in each group) in a single dose of 100 mg/kg body weight.The hepatocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained at 3, 8, 16, 24, and 32 hours after aniline administration, respectively.The control mice received tap water only.The DNA damages were detected by single cell gel electrophoresis assay ( SCGE) and the time-effect relationship was analyzed.Results The results of SCGE experiment showed that both the tail lenth and tail moment of the hepatocyte DNA were increased gradually from 8 h, and reached the maximum at 16 h ( P0.05).The two DNA damage indexes of peripheral blood lymphocytes started to increase at 16 h, reached the maxi-mum at 24 h ( P<0.01) , and began to recover at 32 h after aniline administration.Conclusions Our findings suggeste that aniline may be a potential genotoxicant to hepatocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes.There is a clear time-response relationship in terms of the two DNA damage indexes, indicating that hepatocytes and lymphocytes in mice possess an effi-cient DNA repair mechanism against aniline toxicity.
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A oxidação eletrocatalítica de paracetamol, acompanhada ou não pela eletropolimerização do próprio, sobre poli(azul da anilina) foi descrita matematicamente (usando a teoria de estabilidade linear e análise de bifurcações). Para o comportamento do composto foi sugerido o mecanismo que concorda com os dados experimentais e com os cálculos teóricos. Foi investigada também a dependência do desempenho do polímero e do comportamento do composto do pH.
The electrocatalytic paracetamol oxidation over poly(aniline blue), accompanied or not by its electropolymerization, has been described mathematically (using the linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis). For the compound' s behavior a mechanism, according with the experimental data and theoretical calculations, has been suggested. Also the pH-dependence of the work of the polymer and the compound' s behavior has been investigated.
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Poly ( aniline_luminol ) composite nanowires were synthesized by chemical oxidation using ammonium peroxydisulfate. In contrast to the maximum fluorescence emitting wavelength of luminol at 425 nm, the maximum fluorescence emitting wavelength of the polymeric luminol in the composite nanowires was red shifted to 465 nm obviously. The poly ( aniline_luminol) composite nanowires were modified on graphite electrode surface by drop coating, forming a stable poly ( aniline_luminol ) composite nanowires film. The composite nanowires film modified electrode presented favorable electrochemiluminescence ( ECL ) performances, and the ECL response could be enhanced by hydrogen peroxide. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the modified electrode provided a linear range of 5. 0×10-9-1. 0×10-5 mol/L for the detection of hydrogen peroxide with a detection limit of 2 ×10-9 mol/L.
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OBJECTIVE: To report two cases of methemoglobinemia induced by inhaled nitrobenzene and dermally absorbed aniline. METHODS: We have evaluated a 37-year-old male worker exposed to nitrobenzene by inhalation while conducting maintenance job of mononitrobenzene pump and a 25-year-old male worker exposed dermally to aniline while unloading. RESULTS: The first case is a 37-year-old male exposed to nitrobenzene. His blood methemoglobin concentration level was initially 19.8%, and chest X-ray was normal. After oxygen therapy, the blood methemoglobin concentration level decreased to 2.1%, and the symptoms were alleviated. The second case is a 25-year-old male exposed dermally to aniline. His chest X-ray was normal, but blood methemoglobin concentration level reached maximally 46.8%. He was treated with methylene blue due to relatively high blood methemoglobin level. Gradually after the treatment, his methemoglobin concentration level was normalized to 0.8% and simultaneously symptoms were resolved. CONCLUSIONS: After the thorough exposure investigations and medical evaluations, we have concluded that these cases were methemoglobinemia induced by occupational exposure to nitrobenzene and aniline. We suggest that businesses which handle methemoglobinemia-causing substances control the engineering process strictly, implement periodic screening, and establish emergency patient management system.
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Adult , Humans , Male , Commerce , Emergencies , Inhalation , Mass Screening , Methemoglobin , Methemoglobinemia , Methylene Blue , Occupational Exposure , Oxygen , ThoraxABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship among male age, strict morphology, and sperm chromatin structure and condensation. METHODS: Sperm samples from a total of 100 men underwent semen analysis, and sperm chromatin structure and condensation were assessed with toluidine blue (TB) and aniline blue (AB) tests. RESULTS: Prevalence of strict morphology of less than 4%, and abnormal sperm chromatin structure and condensation did not show any statistically significant differences according to male age (p=0.605, p=0.235, and p=0.080). No significant correlation was demonstrated among age of male partners, strict morphology, and abnormal sperm chromatin structure using TB and AB tests. However, abnormal sperm chromatin condensation was positively associated with sperm chromatin structure (r=0.594, p=0.000) and showed negative correlation with strict morphology (r=-0.219, p=0.029). CONCLUSION: The tests for sperm chromatin condensation showed a significant association with strict morphology. Further study is needed to elucidate the relationship between clinical outcome and sperm chromatin tests.
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Humans , Male , Aniline Compounds , Chromatin , DNA , DNA Damage , Prevalence , Semen , Semen Analysis , Spermatozoa , Tolonium ChlorideABSTRACT
Thermodynamic protonation constants of 5-aldehydosalicylic acid Schiff base with aniline and related compounds such as o-chloro aniline, o-nitro aniline, o-anisidine, o-toluidine and with 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin have been determined by Calvin-Bjerrum pH titration technique as used by Irving and Rosssotti. The solution stability constants of their complexes with bivalent metal ions Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II) and Mg(II) with these ligands have been determined at four temperature in 50% water-ethanol mixture at an ionic strength of 0.1M (NaClO4). The order of solution stability constants was found to be Zn < Cu > Ni > Co = Cd > Mg which is in agreement with Irving – William’s order. The values of ΔGo, ΔHo, ΔSo have been calculated for the various complex equilibrium. The Copper chelates found to be more stable than Zn and Ni chelates due to difference in their configurations. Cu(II) forms square planar complex while Zn(II), Ni(II) form a tetrahedral or octahedral complex. The log K value for Zn chelate is found to be higher as compared to that of Ni chelate in case of above said all reagents used for investigation.
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Thermodynamic protonation constants of 5-aldehydosalicylic acid-aniline Schiff base, [5ASAA], and o-, m-, p-Toluidine Schiff bases with 5-aldehydosalicylic acid have been determined by Calvin –Bjerrum pH titration technique as used by Irving and Rossotti. The thermodynamic formation constants of the chelates of Cu (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) and Mg (II) with these four ligands have been determined at four different temperatures in 50% (v/v) water-ethanol mixture; the stabilities of complexes follow the Irving-William’s order.
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OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate testicular sperm chromatin condensation using aniline blue-eosin (AB-E) staining and its effects on IVF-ET. METHODS: Chromatin condensation was analyzed using AB-E staining in 27 cases of testicular sperm extraction. There were 19 cases of obstructive azoospermia (OA) and 8 cases of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) in IVF-ET. Mature sperm heads were stained red-pink whereas immature sperm heads were stained dark blue. The percentage of sperm chromatin condensation was calculated from the ratio of the number of red-pink sperm to the total number of sperm analyzed. RESULTS: The overall percentages of chromatin condensation in OA and NOA were 31.1+/-11.2% and 26.3+/-14.4%, respectively. The fertilization rate was significant higher in OA than NOA (p<0.05); however, the rates of good embryos and clinical pregnancy did not show statistical differences. In OA and NOA, statistical differences were not observed in the rate of chromatin condensation, fertilization, good embryos, and clinical pregnancy between the pregnant group and non-pregnant group. CONCLUSION: Chromatin condensation is less stable than OA and showed a low fertilization rate in NOA. While there were no significant differences in chromatin condensation results between NOA and OA, we propose that a pattern of decreased chromatin condensation in NOA is one of the factors of low fertilization results requiring further study.
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Humans , Pregnancy , Aniline Compounds , Azoospermia , Chromatin , Embryonic Structures , Eosine Yellowish-(YS) , Fertilization , Sperm Head , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate chromatin condensation of morphologically mature sperm using a modified aniline blue-eosin (AB-E) staining method in azoospermia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromatin condensation was analyzed using an AB-E staining method in 61 cases (50 patients) of TESE or testicular biopsy with the patient's own sperm. Obstructive azoospermia (OA) was present in 48 cases in 39 patients and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) was present in 13 cases in 11 patients, respectively. Immature sperm heads were stained dark blue, whereas mature sperm were stained red-pink by the eosin. The percentage of sperm chromatin condensation was calculated from the ratio of the number of red-pink sperm to the total number of sperm analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of chromatin maturity was 37.7% vs. 30.3% in OA and NOA, respectively, of the total sperm cell count. The maturity of fresh testicular sperm was 38.3% and 36.3% in OA and NOA, respectively. Also, the maturity of thawed testicular sperm was 34.5% and 10.3% (p<0.05) in OA and NOA, respectively. The maturity of fresh and thawed testicular sperm was 36.3% and 10.3% (p<0.05), respectively, in NOA. These results suggest that chromatin condensation is less stable in sperm of NOA and freezing and thawing procedures may impair sperm chromatin condensation. CONCLUSIONS: In our results, the aniline blue-eosin staining method improved the visualization of excessive histones in sperm and the diagnosis of sperm immaturity in morphologically normal testicular sperm. We found that AB-E staining method can be an effective method for analyzing testicular sperm chromatin condensation in azoospermia.
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Humans , Aniline Compounds , Azoospermia , Biopsy , Cell Count , Chromatin , Eosine Yellowish-(YS) , Freezing , Histones , Sperm Head , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the roles of positron emission tomography (PET) with N-methyl [11C]2-(4' -methylaminophenyi-6-hydroxybenzathiazole) (11C-PIB) in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods Six AD patients,7 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and 6 normal controls (NC) were diagnosed and assessed with brain PET with 11C-PIB.The emission images obtained at 5,25 and 45 min after 11C-PIB administration were analysed.Results Using visual analysis to summarize the characteristics of the imagings of each group: comparing to NC,the AD patients show high 11C -PIB up take,and low clearance rate of 11C-PIB at 45 min.The imagings of MCI group show heterogeneous,overlapping with AD and NC group.The statistical analysis shows: in AD group,the standard uptake value (SUV) ratio of parietal lobe,frontal lobe,temporal lobe,occipital lobe and hippocampal at 45 min was 1.91±0.21,2.09±0.41,1.92±0.35,1.66±0.41,1.55±0.28 respectively,and were higher than that of NC group (value being 1.48±0.53,1.57±0.64,1.36±0.53,1.27±0.40,1.17±0.33) with statistical significance,t=8.114,5.620,5.705,3.650 and 2.866,P=0.0001,0.0002,0.0002,0.0045 and 0.0170 respectively.In MCI group,the SUV ratio of parietal lobe,frontal lobe,temporal lobe,occipital lobe and hippocampal at 45 min was 1.48 ± 0.53,1.57 ± 0.64,1.36±0.53,1.27 ± 0.40,1.17±0.33 respectively,and were higher than that of NC group,but there was no statistical significance.Conclusion 11C-PIB PET imaging can differentiate AD patients from normal and anticipate the transformation of MCI patients.